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The first dynastic history of China was the Shiji 史記 "Records of the Grand Scribe", written by Sima Qian 司馬遷 (145-86 BC) during the Former Han Dynasty 前漢. The pattern of Sima Qian's historiographic work was unique and should serve as model for the official standard histories (zhengshi 正史) of the imperial dynasties for the next two thousand years. The Hanshu 漢書, written by Ban Biao 班彪 and his son Ban Gu 班固, helped to standardize the style of the official dynastic histories that has been established with the Shiji. The third official dynastic history is the Houhanshu 後漢書 "History of the Later Han Dynasty written by Fan Ye 范曄, a scholar of the Liu-Song period 劉宋 (Southern Dynasties). Fan Ye used the biographical-thematical style (jizhuanti 紀傳體) with two different types of chapters, ten scrolls (juan 卷) of imperial biographies (ji 紀), 60 normal biographies (zhuan 傳), and 10 treatises (zhi 志). Fan Ye's work was interrupted by his death during his sidelining with Prince Liu Yikang 劉義康 against the emperor. Sima Biao 司馬彪 added 20 missing treatises (two chapters are lost), his part of the book is also known as Xuhanzhi 續漢志 "Sequel of the treatises of Han", the whole book is also called Xuhanshu 續漢書.
Sources for Fan Ye's book were the many histories written on the Later Han period before, the most important is the Dongguan hanji 東觀漢記, a book whose compilation began during the first decades of Later Han and extends until the last decades of emperor Lingdi 漢靈帝. Other histories of the Later or Eastern Han period were the writings of Wu Xiecheng 吳謝承, Xue Ying 薛瑩, Liu Yiqing 劉義慶, Hua Jiao 華嶠, Xie Shen 謝沈, Zhang Ying 張瑩, Yuan Shansong 袁山松, Yuan Hong 袁宏 and Zhang Fan 張璠. Most of these books are only surviving in fragments.
Fan Ye did not exactly copy the structure of the Hanshu. Following the example of Hua Jiao's Houhanshu he inserts a collective imperial biography for empresses (Huanghouji 皇后紀) while Ban Gu collects the biographies of the emperors' consorts in a biography for consorts and their clans (waiqizhuan 外戚傳). This reflects the importance of the empresses in government during the Later Han period. Other important social groups are found in the collective biographies for political factions (danggu 黨錮), eunuchs (huanzhe 宦者), literati (wenyuan 文苑 "garden of literati"), magicians (fangshu 方術), and so on. Among the treatises, the monography about state chariots and robes (yufu 輿服) is new for historiographical treatises. A treatise about "food and money" (shihuo 食貨), i.e. economy, is missing.
Liu Zhao 劉昭 during the Liang period 梁 was the first to compare all different versions of histories of Later Han and he created a critical apparatus for Fan Ye's Houhanshu that became lost when it was superseded by the commentaries of Li Xian 李賢, Zhang Daan [Zhang Da'an] 張大安 and Liu Nayan 劉納言 of the Tang period 唐. Recent commenaries were made by the Qing 清 scholars Hui Dong 惠棟 and Wang Xianqian 王先謙, the Houhanshu jijie 後漢書集解 "Collected commentaries for the Houhanshu".
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| Chapters of the Houhanshu |
1.-10. 紀 Ji Imperial Biographies 1-10:
1.上光武帝紀 Emperor Guangwudi A-B
2.顯宗孝明帝紀 Xianzong, Emperor (Xiao-)Mingdi
3.肅宗孝章帝紀 Suzong, Emperor (Xiao-)Zhangdi
4.孝和孝殤帝紀 Emperors (Xiao-)Hedi and (Xiao-)Shangdi
5.孝安帝紀 Emperor (Xiao-)Andi
6.孝順孝沖孝質帝紀 Emperors (Xiao-)Shundi, (Xiao-)Chongdi, and (Xiao-)Zhidi
7.孝桓帝紀 Emperor (Xiao-)Huandi
8.孝靈帝紀 Emperor (Xiao-)Lingdi
9.孝獻帝紀 Emperor (Xiao-)Xiandi
10.皇后紀 The Imperial Consorts
11.-90. 傳 Zhuan Biographies 1-80:
11.(1)Liu Xuan 劉玄 and Liu Penzi 劉盆子
12.(2)Wang Chang 王昌, Liu Yong 劉永, [Pang Meng 龐萌], Zhang Bu 張步, [Wang Hong 王閎], Li Xian 李憲, Peng Chong 彭寵, and Lu Fang 盧芳
13.(3)Wei Ao 隗囂 and Gongsun Shu 公孫述
14.(4)宗室四王三侯列傳 The Four Princes and Three Marquises of the Imperial House
15.(5)Li Tong 李通, Wang Chang 王常, Deng Chen 鄧晨, Lai She 來歙, [and Lai Li 來歷]
16.(6)Deng Yu 鄧禹, [Deng Xun 鄧訓, Deng She 鄧騭] and Kou Xun 寇恂, [and Kou Rong 寇榮]
17.(7)Feng Yi 馮異, Cen Peng 岑彭, and Jia Fu 賈復
18.(8)Wu Han 吳漢, Gai Yan 蓋延, Chen Jun 陳俊, and Zang Gong 臧宮
19.(9)Geng Yan 耿弇, [Geng Guo 耿國, Geng Bing 耿秉, Geng Kui 耿夔, and Geng Gong 耿恭]
20.(10)Zhao Qi 銚期, Wang Ba 王霸, Ji Zun 祭遵, [and Ji Tong 祭肜]
21.(11)Ren Guang 任光, [Ren Wei 任隗], Li Zhong 李忠, Wan You 萬脩, Pi Tong 邳彤, Liu Zhi 劉植, and Geng Chun 耿純
22.(12)Zhu You 朱祐, Jing Dan 景丹, Wang Liang 王梁, Du Mao 杜茂, Ma Cheng 馬成, Liu Long 劉隆, Fu Jun 傅俊, Jian Tan 堅鐔, and Ma Wu 馬武
23.(13)Dou Rong 竇融, [Dou Gu 竇固, Dou Xian 竇憲, and Dou Zhang 竇章]
24.(14)Ma Yuan 馬援, [Ma Miu 馬廖, Ma Fang 馬防, Ma Yan 馬嚴, and Ma Suo 馬棱]
25.(15)Zhuo Mao 卓茂, Lu Gong 魯恭 [and Lu Pi 魯丕], Wei Ba 魏霸, and Liu Kuan 劉寬
26.(16)Fu Zhan 伏湛 [and Fu Long 伏隆], Hou Ba 侯霸, Song Hong 宋弘 [and Song Han 漢], Cai Mao 蔡茂, [Guo He 郭賀], Feng Qin 馮勤, Zhao XX 趙, Mou Rong 牟融, Wei Biao 韋彪, [and Wei Yi 韋義]
27.(17)Xuan Bing 宣秉, Zhang Zhan 張湛, Wang Dan 王丹 and Wang Liang 王良, Du Lin 杜林, Guo Dan 郭丹, Wu Liang 吳良, Cheng Gong 承宮, Zheng Jun 鄭均, and Zhao Dian 趙典
28.(18)Huan Tan 桓譚, Feng Yan 馮衍, and Feng Bao 馮豹 A-B
29.(19)Shentu Gang 申屠剛, Bao Yong 鮑永, [Bao Yu 鮑昱], Zhi Yun 郅惲, [and Zhi Shou 郅壽]
30.(20)Su Jing 蘇竟 and Yang Hou 楊厚
31.(21)Guo Ji 郭伋, Du Shi 杜詩, Kong Fen 孔奮, Zhang Zhan 張堪, Lian Fan 廉范, Wang Tang 王堂, Su Zhang 蘇章, [Su Buwei 蘇不韋], Yang Xu 羊續, Jia Cong 賈琮, and Lu Kang 陸康
32.(22)Fan Hong 樊宏, [Fan Shu 樊鯈, Fan Zhun 樊準], Yin Shi 陰識, [and Yin Xing 陰興]
33.(23)Zhu Fu 朱浮, Feng Fang 馮魴, Yu Yan 虞延, Zheng Hong 鄭弘, and Zhou Zhang 周章
34.(24)Liang Tong 梁統, [Liang Song 梁松, Liang XX 梁竦, Liang Shang 梁商, Liang Ji 梁冀]
35.(25)Zhang Chun 張純, [Zhang Fen 張奮], Cao Bao 曹褒, and Zheng Xuan 鄭玄
36.(26)Zheng Xing 鄭興, [Zheng Zhong 鄭眾], Fan Sheng 范升, Chen Yuan 陳元, Jia Kui 賈逵, Zhang Ba 張霸, [Zhang Kai 張楷, Zhang Ling 張陵, and Zhang Xuan 張玄]
37.(27)Huan Rong 桓榮, [Huan Yu 桓郁, Huan Yan 桓焉, Huan Dian 桓典, Huan Luan 桓鸞, Huan Ye 桓曄, Huan Bin 桓彬], and Ding Hong 丁鴻
38.(28)Zhang Zong 張宗, Fa Xiong 法雄, Teng Fu 滕撫, Feng Kun 馮緄, Du Shang 度尚, and Yang Xuan 楊琁
39.(29)Liu Ping 劉平, [Wang Wang 王望, Wang Fu 王扶], Zhao Xiao 趙孝, Chunyu Gong 淳于恭, Jiang Ge 江革, Liu Ban 劉般, [Liu Kai 劉愷], Zhou Pan 周磐, and Zhao Zi 趙咨
40.(30)Ban Biao 班彪 [and Ban Gu 班固] A-B
41.(31)Diwu Lun 第五倫, [Diwu Zhong 第五種], Zhongli Yi 鍾離意, Song Jun 宋均, [Song Yi 宋意], and Han Lang 寒朗
42.(32)光武十王列傳 The Ten Princes of Emperor Guangwudi
43.(33)Zhu Yun 朱暉, [Zhu Mu 朱穆], Le Hui 樂恢, and He Chang 何敞
44.(34)Deng Biao 鄧彪, Zhang Yu 張禹, Xu Fang 徐防, Zhang Min 張敏, and Hu Guang 胡廣
45.(35)Yuan An 袁安, [Yuan Jing 袁京, Yuan Chang 袁敞, Yuan Hong 袁閎], Zhang Fu 張酺, Han Suo 韓棱, Zhou Rong 周榮, [and Zhou Jing 周景]
46.(36)Guo Gong 郭躬, [Guo Zhen 郭鎮], Chen Chong 陳寵, [and Chen Zhong 陳忠]
47.(37)Ban Chao 班超, [Ban Yong 班勇], Liang Qin 梁慬, [and He Xi 何熙]
48.(38)Yang Zhong 楊終, Li Fa 李法, Zhao Fu 翟酺, Ying Feng 應奉, [Ying Shao 應劭], Huo Xu 霍諝, Yuan Yan 爰延, and Xu Miao 徐璆
49.(39)Wang Chong 王充, Wang Fu 王符, and Zhongzhang Tong 仲長統
50.(40)孝明八王列傳 The Eight Princes of Emperor Mingdi
51.(41)Li Xun 李恂, Chen Shan 陳襌, Pang Can 龐參, Chen Gui 陳龜, and Qiao Xuan 陳龜
52.(42)Cui Yin 崔駰, [Cui Yuan 崔瑗, and Cui Shi 崔寔]
53.(43)Zhou Xie 周燮, Huang Xian 黃憲, Xu Zhi 徐稚, Jiang Hong 姜肱, and Shentu Chi 申屠蟠
54.(44)Yang Zhen 楊震, [Yang Bin 楊秉, Yang Ci 楊賜, Yang Biao 楊彪, and Yang You 楊脩]
55.(45)章帝八王傳 The Eight Princes of Emperor Zhangdi
56.(46)Zhang Hao 張皓, [Zhang Gang 張綱], Wang Gong 王龔, [Wang Chang 王暢], Zhong Gao 种暠, [Zhong Dai 种岱, Zhong Fo 种佛, Zhong Shao 种劭], and Chen Qiu 陳球
57.(47)Du Gen 杜根, Luan Ba 欒巴, Liu Tao 劉陶, Li Yun 李雲, Liu Yu 劉瑜, and Xie Bi 謝弼
58.(48)Yu Yu 虞詡, Fu Xie 傳燮, Gai Xun 蓋勳, and Zang Hong 臧洪
59.(49)Zhang Heng 張衡
60.(50)Ma Rong 馬融 A, Cai Yong 蔡邕 B
61.(51)Zuo Xiong 左雄, Zhou Ju 周舉, [Zhou Xie 周勰], Huang Qiong 黃瓊, [and Huang Wan 黃琬]
62.(52)Xun Shu 荀淑, [Xun Shuang 荀爽, Xun Yue 荀悅], Han Shao 韓韶, Zhong Hao 鍾皓, Chen Shi 陳寔, [and Chen Ji 陳紀]
63.(52)Li Gu 李固, [Li Xie 李燮], and Du Qiao 杜喬
64.(54)Wu You 吳祐, Yan Du 延篤, Shi Bi 史弼, Lu Zhi 盧植, and Zhao Qi 趙岐
65.(55)Huangfu Gui 皇甫規, Zhang Huan 張奐, and Duan Ying 段熲
66.(56)Chen Fan 陳蕃 and Wang Yun 王允
67.(57)黨錮列傳 Danggu The factionalists
68.(58)Guo Tai 郭太, Fu Rong 符融, and Xu Shao 許劭
69.(59)Dou Wu 竇武 and He Jin 何進
70.(60)Zheng Tai 鄭太, Kong Rong 孔融, and Xu Yu 荀彧
71.(61)Huangfu Song 皇甫嵩 and Zhu XX 朱
72.(62)Dong Zhuo 董卓
73.(63)Liu Yu 劉虞, Gongsun Zan 公孫瓚, and Tao Qian 陶謙
74.(64)Yuan Shao 袁紹 A, [Yuan Tan 袁譚], and Liu Biao 劉表 B
75.(65)Liu Yan 劉焉, Yuan Shu 袁術, and Lü Bu 呂布
76.(66)循吏列傳 Xunli Benevolent officials
77.(67)酷吏列傳 Kuli Cruel officials
78.(68)宦者列傳 Huanzhe Eunuchs
79.(69)儒林列傳 Rulin The forest of scholars A-B
80.(70)文苑列傳 Wenyuan The garden of literati A-B
81.(71)獨行列傳 Duxing
82.(72)方術列傳 Fangshu Magicians A-B
83.(73)逸民列傳 Yimin
84.(74)列女傳 Outstanding women
85.(75)東夷列傳 The eastern barbarians
86.(76)南蠻西南夷列傳 The southern and southwestern barbarians
87.(77)西羌傳 The Western Qiang [barbarians]
88.(78)西域傳 The Western Regions
89.(79)南匈奴列傳 The Southern Xiongnu [barbarians]
90.(80)烏桓鮮卑列傳 The Wuhuan and Xianbei [barbarians]
志 Zhi Treatises 1-30:
1.-3.律曆志 Lüli Measurements and calendar 1-3
4.-6.禮儀志 Liyi Rites 1-3
7.-9.祭祀志 Jisi Sacrifices 1-3
10.-12.天文志 Tianwen Astronomy 1-3
13.-18.五行志 Wuxing The Five Processes 1-6
19.-23.郡國志 Junguo Administrative geography 1-5
24.-28.百官 Baiguan The hundred state offices 1-5
29.-30.輿服 Yufu Chariots and state robes 1-2
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