| name | period | region |
| Ailao 哀牢 | Han | Yunnan |
| Anxi 安息 | Han | (Parthia) |
| Ba 巴 | Zhou | Sichuan |
| Baiji 百濟 (Paekche) | Nanchao-Sui | Korea |
| Beiwei 北魏 (Tuoba-Xianbei) | Beichao | northern China |
| Beshbalik (Bešbalik Bešbaliq, Beşbalik, Beşbaliq) 別失八里 | | |
| Bieshibali 別失八里 (Beshbalik) | | |
| Bohai 渤海 (Parhae) | Tang | Korea, Heilongjiang |
| Buliyate 布里雅特 (Buryats) | | |
| Buryats 布里雅特 | | |
| Chajala 茶札剌 | | |
| Chaoxian 朝鮮 (Chosŏn) | | |
| Chile 敕勒 | | |
| Dada 韃靼 (Tatars) | | |
| Dali 大理 | Song | Yunnan |
| Dangxiang 黨項 (Tanguts) | | |
| Daqin 大秦 | | |
| Dashi 大食 | | |
| Daxia 大夏 | | |
| Dayuan 大宛 | | |
| Di 狄 | | |
| Di 氐 | | |
| Dian 滇 | Han | Yunnan |
| Dilie 敵烈 | | |
| Dingling 丁零 | | |
| Ferghana Basin | | |
| Funan (Vietnam) | | |
| Fuyu 夫余 (扶余; Puyŏ) | Han-Beichao | Korea, Liaoning |
| Gaoche 高車 | | |
| Gaogouli 高句麗 (Koguryŏ) | Beichao-Sui | Korea |
| Gaoli 高麗 (Koryŏ) | Yuan- | Korea |
| Geluolu 葛邏祿 (Karluks) | | |
| Guishuang 貴霜 | | |
| Hanguo 韓國 (Hamguk) | | |
| Heihan 黑汗 (Karakhan) | | |
| Hephthalites (White Huns) [口+厭]噠 | | |
| Hongjila 弘吉剌 (Onggirats) | | |
| Hu 胡 | | |
| Huige 回紇 (Uighurs) | | |
| Huigu 回鶻 (Uighurs) | | |
| Huns 匈奴 (erroneously for Xiongnu) | | |
| Ili Basin 伊犁盆地 (Yili) | | |
| Japan 日本 | | |
| Jie 羯 | | |
| Jilijisi 吉利吉思 (Kirgizes) | | |
| Jin 金 (Jurchens) | | |
| Jurchens 女真 | | |
| Karakhans 黑汗 | | |
| Karluks 葛邏祿 | | |
| Kelie 克烈 (Kereyids) | | |
| Keraits 克烈 (Kereyids) | | |
| Kereyids 克烈 | | |
| Khitans 契丹 | | |
| Kirgizes 吉利吉思 | | |
| Koguryŏ 高句麗 | Beichao-Sui | Korea |
| Korea 朝鮮/韓國 | | |
| Koryŏ 高麗 | | Korea |
| Kushana Region 貴霜 | | |
| Liao 遼 (Khitans) | | |
| Malgal 靺鞨 | Tang | Heilongjiang |
| Man 蠻 | | south |
| Menggu 蒙古 (Mongols) | | |
| Merkits 蔑兒乞 | | |
| Mie’erqi 蔑兒乞 (Merkits) | | |
| Mohe 靺鞨 (Malgal) | Tang | Heilongjiang |
| Mongols 蒙古 | | |
| Naimans 乃蠻 | | |
| Nanzhao 南詔 | Tang | Yunnan |
| Northern Wei 北魏 (Tuoba-Xianbei) | Beichao | northern China |
| Nüzhen 女真 (Jurchens) | | |
| Oirats 斡亦剌 | | |
| Onggirats 弘吉剌 | | |
| Önggüds 汪古 | | |
| Paekche 百濟 | Beichao-Sui | Korea |
| Parhae 渤海 | Tang | Korea, Heilongjiang |
| Pu 濮 | Zhou | south |
| Puyŏ 夫余 (扶余) | Han-Beichao | Korea, Liaoning |
| Qarakhans 黑汗 | | |
| Qarluqs 葛邏祿 | | |
| Qiang 羌 | | |
| Qidan 契丹 (Khitans) | | |
| Rong 戎 | | |
| Rouran 柔然 | | |
| Scythians (erroneously for Yuezhi 月氏) | | |
| Shan 撣 | Han | southwest |
| Shatuo Turks 沙陀突厥 | | |
| Shiwei 室韋 (Sibe) | Beichao | Heilongijang |
| Shu 蜀 | Zhou | Sichuan |
| Silla 新羅 | Beichao-Tang | Korea |
| Soghdiana 粟特 | | |
| Sushen 肅慎 | Zhou | Heilongjiang |
| Sute 粟特 (Soghdiana) | | |
| Syr-Tardushs 薛延陀 | | |
| Tanguts 黨項 | | |
| Tashkurgan (Taxkorgan) 塔什庫爾干 | | |
| Tatars 韃靼 | | |
| Tartars 韃靼 (erroneously for Tatars) | | |
| Tibet 吐藩/西藏 | | |
| Tiele 鐵勒 (Tölöshs) | | |
| Tölöshs 鐵勒 | | |
| Tuoba 拓跋 (a division of the Xianbei) | Beichao | northern China |
| Tubo 吐藩 | | |
| Tufan 吐藩 (erroneously for Tubo) | | |
| Tujue 突厥 (Turks) | | |
| Türgishs 突騎施 | | |
| Tuqishi 突騎施 (Türgishs) | | |
| Eastern or Chinese Turkmenistan (Xinjiang 新疆) | | |
| Turks 突厥 | | |
| Tuguhun 吐谷渾 (erroneously for Tuyuhun) | | |
| Tuyuhun 吐谷渾 | | |
| Uighurs 回鶻/維吾爾 | | |
| Vietnam 越南 (Việt Nam) | | |
| Wa 倭 | | |
| Wanggu 汪古 (Önggüds) | | |
| Weiwu’er 維吾爾 (Uighurs) | | |
| Western Xia 西夏 (Tanguts) | | |
| Woyila 斡亦剌 (Oirats) | | |
| Wugu 烏古 | | |
| Wuji 勿吉 | | |
| Wuhuan 烏桓 | | |
| Wusun 烏孫 | | |
| Xi 奚 | | |
| Xianbei 鮮卑 (old: Xianbi) | | |
| Xinjiang 新疆 (Eastern or Chinese Turkmenistan) | | |
| Xinluo 新羅 (Silla) | | |
| Xiongnu 匈奴 | | |
| Xixia 西夏 (Tanguts) | | |
| Xueyantuo 薛延陀 (Syr-Tardushs) | | |
| Yada [口+厭]噠 (Hephthalites, White Huns) | | |
| Yi 夷 | | south |
| Yili Bali 亦力八里 (Ili Balik, Ili Baliq, Ilibalik, Ilibaliq) | | |
| Yili Basin 伊犁盆地 (Ili) | | |
| Yilou 挹婁 | | south |
| Yue 越 (Việt) | | south |
| Yuezhi 月支 (月氏; Scythians) | | |
| Zhenla 真臘 (Cambodia) | | |
