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There were a lot of non-Chinese peoples living within the territory controlled by the Chinese dynasties. Some dynasties were even founded by non-Chinese peoples. The modern term for those peoples used in the People's Republic of China is "national minorities". It is, nevertheless, not easy to define the term "Chinese" because the modern concept of the "Han Chinese" has come up quite late in history and rather refers to common cultural aspects than to genetical aspects.
In the following table those non-Chinese peoples that founded dynasties on "Chinese" territory are written in bold letters. The list and this section also includes some neighbouring states that were never controlled by China although being culturally influenced by China and considered as tributary states.
| name | period | region |
| Ailao 哀牢 | Han | Yunnan |
| Anxi 安息 | Han | (Parthia) |
| Avars (erroneously for Rouran 柔然) | Nanbeichao | Mongolia |
| Ba 巴 | Zhou | Sichuan |
| Baiji 百濟 (Paekche) | Nanchao-Sui | Korea |
| Beiwei 北魏 (Tuoba-Xianbei) | Beichao | northern China |
| Beshbalik (Bešbalik Bešbaliq, Beşbalik, Beşbaliq) 別失八里 | | |
| Bieshibali 別失八里 (Beshbalik) | | |
| Bohai 渤海 (Parhae) | Tang | Korea, Heilongjiang |
| Buliyate 布里雅特 (Buryats) | | |
| Buryats 布里雅特 | | |
| Chajala 茶札剌 | | |
| Chaoxian 朝鮮 (Chosŏn) | | |
| Chile 敕勒 | | |
| Chu 楚 | Zhou | Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi |
| Dada 韃靼 (Tatars) | | |
| Dali 大理 | Song | Yunnan |
| Dangxiang 黨項 (Tanguts) | | |
| Daqin 大秦 | | |
| Dashi 大食 | | |
| Daxia 大夏 | | |
| Dayuan 大宛 | | |
| Di 狄 | | |
| Di 氐 | | |
| Dian 滇 | Han | Yunnan |
| Dilie 敵烈 | | |
| Dingling 丁零 | | |
| Ferghana Basin | | |
| Funan (Vietnam) | | |
| Fuyu 夫余 (扶余; Puyŏ) | Han-Beichao | Korea, Liaoning |
| Gaoche 高車 | | |
| Gaogouli 高句麗 (Koguryŏ) | Beichao-Sui | Korea |
| Gaoli 高麗 (Koryŏ) | Yuan- | Korea |
| Geluolu 葛邏祿 (Karluks) | | |
| Guishuang 貴霜 | | |
| Hanguo 韓國 (Hamguk) | | |
| Heihan 黑汗 (Karakhan) | | |
| Hephthalites (White Huns) [口+厭]噠 | | |
| Hongjila 弘吉剌 (Onggirats) | | |
| Hu 胡 | | |
| Huige 回紇 (Uighurs) | | |
| Huigu 回鶻 (Uighurs) | | |
| Huns (erroneously for Xiongnu 匈奴) | | |
| Ili Basin 伊犁盆地 (Yili) | | |
| Japan 日本 | | |
| Jie 羯 | | |
| Jilijisi 吉利吉思 (Kirgizes) | | |
| Jin 金 (Jurchens) | | |
| Jurchens 女真 | | |
| Karakhans 黑汗 | | |
| Karluks 葛邏祿 | | |
| Kelie 克烈 (Kereyids) | | |
| Keraits 克烈 (Kereyids) | | |
| Kereyids 克烈 | | |
| Khitans 契丹 | | |
| Kirgizes 吉利吉思 | | |
| Koguryŏ 高句麗 | Beichao-Sui | Korea |
| Korea 朝鮮/韓國 | | |
| Koryŏ 高麗 | | Korea |
| Kushana Region 貴霜 | | |
| Liao 遼 (Khitans) | | |
| Malgal 靺鞨 | Tang | Heilongjiang |
| Man 蠻 | | south |
| Menggu 蒙古 (Mongols) | | |
| Merkits 蔑兒乞 | | |
| Mie’erqi 蔑兒乞 (Merkits) | | |
| Mohe 靺鞨 (Malgal) | Tang | Heilongjiang |
| Mongols 蒙古 | | |
| Naimans 乃蠻 | | |
| Nanzhao 南詔 | Tang | Yunnan |
| Northern Wei 北魏 (Tuoba-Xianbei) | Beichao | northern China |
| Nüzhen 女真 (Jurchens) | | |
| Oirats 斡亦剌 | | |
| Onggirats 弘吉剌 | | |
| Önggüds 汪古 | | |
| Paekche 百濟 | Beichao-Sui | Korea |
| Parhae 渤海 | Tang | Korea, Heilongjiang |
| Pu 濮 | Zhou | south |
| Puyŏ 夫余 (扶余) | Han-Beichao | Korea, Liaoning |
| Qarakhans 黑汗 | | |
| Qarluqs 葛邏祿 | | |
| Qiang 羌 | | |
| Qidan 契丹 (Khitans) | | |
| Rong 戎 | | |
| Rouran 柔然 | | |
| Scythians (erroneously for Yuezhi 月氏) | | |
| Shan 撣 | Han | southwest |
| Shatuo Turks 沙陀突厥 | | |
| Shiwei 室韋 (Sibe) | Beichao | Heilongijang |
| Shu 蜀 | Zhou | Sichuan |
| Silla 新羅 | Beichao-Tang | Korea |
| Soghdiana 粟特 | | |
| Sushen 肅慎 | Zhou | Heilongjiang |
| Sute 粟特 (Soghdiana) | | |
| Syr-Tardushs 薛延陀 | | |
| Tanguts 黨項 | | |
| Tashkurgan (Taxkorgan) 塔什庫爾干 | | |
| Tatars 韃靼 | | |
| Tartars 韃靼 (erroneously for Tatars) | | |
| Tibet 吐藩/西藏 | | |
| Tiele 鐵勒 (Tölöshs) | | |
| Tölöshs 鐵勒 | | |
| Tuoba 拓跋 (a division of the Xianbei) | Beichao | northern China |
| Tubo 吐藩 | | |
| Tufan 吐藩 (erroneously for Tubo) | | |
| Tujue 突厥 (Turks) | | |
| Türgishs 突騎施 | | |
| Tuqishi 突騎施 (Türgishs) | | |
| Eastern or Chinese Turkmenistan (Xinjiang 新疆) | | |
| Turks 突厥 | | |
| Tuguhun 吐谷渾 (erroneously for Tuyuhun) | | |
| Tuyuhun 吐谷渾 | | |
| Uighurs 回鶻/維吾爾 | | |
| Vietnam 越南 (Việt Nam) | | |
| Wa 倭 | | |
| Wanggu 汪古 (Önggüds) | | |
| Weiwu’er 維吾爾 (Uighurs) | | |
| Western Xia 西夏 (Tanguts) | | |
| Woyila 斡亦剌 (Oirats) | | |
| Wu 吳 | Zhou | Jiangsu, Zhejiang |
| Wugu 烏古 | | |
| Wuji 勿吉 | | |
| Wuhuan 烏桓 | | |
| Wusun 烏孫 | | |
| Xi 奚 | | |
| Xianbei 鮮卑 (old: Xianbi) | | |
| Xinjiang 新疆 (Eastern or Chinese Turkmenistan) | | |
| Xinluo 新羅 (Silla) | | |
| Xiongnu 匈奴 | | |
| Xixia 西夏 (Tanguts) | | |
| Xueyantuo 薛延陀 (Syr-Tardushs) | | |
| Yada [口+厭]噠 (Hephthalites, White Huns) | | |
| Yi 夷 | | south |
| Yili Bali 亦力八里 (Ili Balik, Ili Baliq, Ilibalik, Ilibaliq) | | |
| Yili Basin 伊犁盆地 (Ili) | | |
| Yilou 挹婁 | | south |
| Yue 越 | Zhou | Zhejiang, Jiangsu |
| Yue 越 (Việt) Bai Yue 百越 | | south |
| Yuezhi 月支 (月氏; Scythians) | | |
| Zhenla 真臘 (Cambodia) | | |
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