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| Shang Dynasty 商 (17th-11th cent. BCE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Residences: Bo 亳 (modern Caoxian 曹縣, Shandong), Ao 隞 or 囂 (Xingyang 滎陽, Henan), Xiang 相 (Neihuang 內黃, Henan), Geng [Xing] 邢 or 耿 (Xingtai 邢台, Hebei or Wenxian 溫縣, Henan), Bi 庇 (Yuncheng 鄆城, Shandong), Yan 奄 (Qufu 曲阜, Shandong), Yin 殷 or called Beimeng 北蒙 (Anyang 安陽, Henan), Mei 沬 or Chaoge 朝歌 (Qixian 淇縣, Henan) | |||
| dynastic title {temple name} O: different title in oracle texts |
personal name | residence | reign length trad. reign time (probable reign time) |
| Yellow Emperor 黃帝 | |||
| Xuan Ao 玄囂 | |||
| Jiao Ji 蟜極 | |||
| Gao Xin 高辛 | |||
| Shang Jia 上甲 | Xie 契 (or 禼) | ||
| Zhao Ming 昭明 | |||
| Xiang Tu 相土 | |||
| Chang Ruo 昌若 | |||
| Cao Yu 曹圉 | |||
| Ming 冥 | |||
| Wang Hai 王亥 | Zhen 振 | ||
| Shang Jia 上甲 | Wei 微 (or Shang Jia Wei 上甲微) | ||
| Bao Ding 報丁 In oracle texts after Bao Bing. |
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| Bao Yi 報乙 | |||
| Bao Bing 報丙 | |||
| Zhu Ren 主壬 (or Shi Ren 示壬) | |||
| Zhu Gui 主癸 (or Shi Gui 示癸) | |||
| Da Yi 大乙 or Tian Yi 天乙 O: Tang 唐, Xian 咸 (?) First king of the Shang dynasty. |
Tang the Perfect (Cheng Tang) 成湯, Shang Lü 商履 | Bo, later Shangyi | 29 years 1766-1754 |
| Tai Ding 太丁 O: Da Ding 大丁 Tang's oldest son, died before accession. |
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| Wai Bing 外丙 O: Bu Bing 卜丙 In oracle texts after Da Jia. |
Sheng 勝 | Bo | 2 or 3 years: 1759-1758 |
| Zhong Ren 中壬 (or 仲任) O: Nan Ren 南壬 (?) |
Yong 庸 | Bo | 4 years: 1757-1754 |
| Tai Jia 太甲 (or Da Jia 大甲) {Taizong 太宗} |
Zhi 至 | Bo | 12 years 1753-1721 |
| Wo Ding 沃丁 O: Qiang Ding 羌丁 (?) |
Xun 絢 | Bo | 19 years 1720-1692 |
| Tai Geng 太庚 (or Da Geng 大庚), also called Xiao Geng 小庚; erroneously Tai Kang 太康, Xiao Kang 小康 | Bian 辨 | Bo | 5 years 1691-1667 |
| Xiao Jia 小甲 | Gao 高 | Bo | 17 years 1666-1650 |
| Yong Ji 雍己 O: Lü Ji 呂己 (?) |
Dian 佃 or Zhou 伷 | Bo | 12 years 1649-1638 |
| Tai Wu 太戊 (or Da Wu 大戊) {Zhongzong 中宗} O: Tian Wu 天戊, Zu Wu 祖戊 |
Mi 密 | Bo | 75 years 1637-1563 |
| Lü Ji 呂己 (only in oracle texts; identical with Yong Ji?) | |||
| Zhong Ding 中丁 (or 仲丁) O: Sanzu Ding 三祖丁 |
Zhuang 莊 | Ao | 9 years 1562-1550 |
| Wai Ren 外壬 O: Bu Ren 卜壬 |
Fa 發 | Ao | 10 years 1549-1535 |
| Hedan Jia 河亶甲 O: Jian Jia 戔甲 |
Zheng 整 | Xiang | 9 years 1534-1526 |
| Zu Yi 祖乙 {Zhongzong 中宗, Gaozu 高祖} O: Xia Yi 下乙, Ru Yi 入乙 |
Teng 滕 | Geng | 19 years 1525-1507 |
| Zu Xin 祖辛 | Dan 旦 | Bi | 4 years 1506-1491 |
| Wo Jia 沃甲, Kai Jia 開甲 O: Qiang Jia 羌甲, Long Jia 龍甲 |
Yu 踰 | Bi | 5 years 1490-1466 |
| Zu Ding 祖丁 O: Xiao Ding 小丁, Sizu Ding 四祖丁 |
Xin 新 | Bi | 9 years 1465-1434 |
| Nan Geng 南庚; erroneously: Nan Kang 南康 O: Zu Geng 祖庚 |
Geng 更 | Bi, later Yan | 6 years 1433-1409 |
| Yang Jia 陽甲, He Jia 和甲 or 魺甲 O: Xiang Jia {象/口}甲, Fu Jia 父甲, Zu Jia 祖甲 |
He 和 | Yan | 4 years 1408-1402 |
| Pan Geng 盤庚 O: Fu Geng 父庚, Zu Geng 祖庚, Sanzu Geng 三祖庚 Changed the dynastic name of Shang to Yin. |
Xun 旬 | Yan, later Yin | 28 years 1401-1374 |
| Xiao Xin 小辛 O: Fu Xin 父辛, Erzu Xin 二祖辛 |
Song 頌 | Yin | 3 years 1373-1353 |
| Xiao Yi 小乙 O: Fu Yi 父乙, Xiaozu Yi 小祖乙, Houzu Yi 后祖乙 |
Jian 歛 | Yin | 10 years 1352-1325 |
| Wu Ding 武丁 {Gaozong 高宗} O: Fu Ding 父丁, Zu Ding 祖丁, Houzu Ding 后祖丁, Di Ding 帝丁 First historical ruler, c. 1150 BC. |
Zhao 昭 | Yin | 59 years 1324-1266 (1238-1180) |
| Zu Ji 祖己 or Xiao Ji 孝己 O: Fu Ji 父己, Xiong Ji 兄己, Xiao Wang 小王, Zhong Ji 中己 Probably a son of Wu Ding who did not come to the throne. |
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| Zu Geng 祖庚 or Zu Kang 祖康 O: Fu Geng 父庚, Xiong Geng 兄庚 |
Yao 曜 | Yin | 11 years 1265-1259 (1179-1173) |
| Zu Jia 祖甲, Di Jia 帝甲 O: Fu Jia 父甲 |
Dai 載 | Yin | 33 years 1258-1226 (1172-1140) |
| Lin Xin 廩辛 or Feng Xin 馮辛 O: Sanzu Xin 三祖辛, Fu Xin 父辛, Xiong Xin 兄辛 |
Xian 先 | Yin | 4 years 1225-1220 |
| Kang Ding 康丁 O: Fu Ding 父丁, Gengzu Ding 庚祖丁 |
Ao 囂 | Yin | 8 years 1219-1199 (1139-1130) |
| Wu Yi 武乙 O: Fu Yi 父乙, Wuzu Yi 武祖乙 Appointed the ancestor of the Zhou 周, Dan Fu 亶父, regional ruler of Qi 岐. |
Di 瞿 | Yin, later Hebei, then Mo | 35 years 1198-1195 (1129-1095) |
| Wen Ding 文丁, Tai Ding 太丁 or Da Ding 大丁 O: Fu Ding 父丁, Wenwu Ding 文武丁 Imprisoned Li Ji 季歷, the Earl of Zhou, who died in prison. |
Tuo 托 | Yin | 13 years 1194-1192 (1094-1084) |
| Di Yi 帝乙 His oldest son, Prince Qi of Wei 微子啟 did not succeed; Prince Qi was later by King Wu of Zhou 周武王 made regional ruler of Song 宋. |
Xian 羨 | Yin | 9 years 1191-1155 (1184-1080/1060/1050) |
| Di Xin 帝辛 Di Xin was the last depraved ruler of Shang, enticed by his consort Da Ji 妲己, daughter of the noble You Su 有蘇; he imprisoned the Viscount of the West 西伯, the father of eventual King Wu of Zhou. Died by self-immolation. |
Zhou 紂 or Shou 受 | Yin | 52 years 1154-1123 (1060/1050-1027) |
The Shang adressed their ancestors with numbers of the Celestial Stems (tiangan 天干; jia 甲 "1", yi 乙 "2", bing 丙 "3", ding 丁 "4", etc.), probably expressing kinship relation (certain royal lines expressed by certain numbers), but in the late Anyang period also bestowed to them a honorative name like Wen 文 "the Cultured", Wu 武 "the Martial". The posthumous title of the Shang rulers is Di 帝 "godlike ancestor". In oracle bone inscriptions the rulers are also posthumously adressed "Father XY" (Fu 父), "Older Brother XY" (Xiong 兄), "Second/Third/Fourth Ancestor XY" (Er/San/Sizu 二/三/四祖).